People who make decisions based on emotion and justify those decisions with logic afterwards are poor decision makers Essay

The debate of whether to follow emotions or logic is a complex one. As the given statement seems too strong in suggesting that all those who make decisions based on emotion are poor decision-makers, it may be warranted to discuss both the positive and negative role emotions and logic play in our decision making process. In certain cases, decisions based on emotion can result in undesirable consequences. There exist several examples of impulsive shoppers who get consumed by the emotion to acquire and buy something, and consequently, end up with a purchase they later realize wasn’t required at all. Advertisers and sales personnel, aware of this tendency, often play with this emotion to their advantage. A more severe example could be of substance abusers and addicts, who, in a moment of high emotion and drama, triggered by an adrenaline rush, make decisions they might need to regret later. Gamblers, guided (or, misguided, rather) by the emotion of avarice and the â€Å"high† of winning could end up impoverishing themselves and their dependents. One also comes across people who make the wrong dietary choices, to satiate their taste buds, thereby posing a danger to long-term health. The examples discussed above present the seamier side of decisions based on emotion; however, it should be recognized that certain situations require that decisions be guided not by logic, but by impulse. The adage â€Å"sieze the day† suggests that one should let the heart rule over the head, and grab an opportunity with both hands. In other words, instinct and intuition can aid in better decision-making sometimes, rather than mere dependence on logic. There are several examples of business honchos who claim to have taken risks, guided by their hearts, and reaped benefits of such decisions. In contrast, there are others who lament the loss of opportunity because they â€Å"thought too much† and were hesitant to follow their heart. In short, decisions based on emotion may not always lead to wrong choices. Just as the brain and the heart work in tandem to keep the body functioning smoothly, one may assert that both emotion and logic are complements to each other, and facilitate the decision making process. Decisions made on the basis of logic alone may not work out always, while choices guided by emotion and instinct could very often work wonders, and hence shouldnt be disregarded all the time.

Better and Gloria Steinem

* An excerpt from Ralph Waldo Emerson's â€Å"from Journal,† from the paragraph beginning â€Å"How sad a spectacle† to the end of the essay. This passage begins on p. 88 in the 10th edition and p. 100 in the 11th edition. * All of E. B. White's â€Å"Progress and Change† (p. 592 in the 10th edition; p. 562 – 563 in the 11th edition). * An excerpt from Fred Strebeigh's â€Å"The Wheels of Freedom: Bicycles in China. † Read from paragraph 56, which begins â€Å"There, I tried to continue the work† to the end of the essay (p. 05 – 6 in the 10th edition; p. 339 – 40 in the 11th). * An excerpt from Gloria Steinem's â€Å"The Good News Is: These Are Not the Best Years of Your Life. † Read from paragraph 20, which begins â€Å"None of this should denigrate† to the end of the essay (p. 367 – 368 in the 10th edition; p. 358 – 59 in the 11th). * All of William Cronon's â€Å"The Trouble With Wilderness† (p. 651 – 654 in the 10th edition; p. 617 – 21 in the 11th). * Examine and analyze the unattributed Figure 7, â€Å"Technowar† (p. 800 in the 10th edition; p. 06 in the 11th). Change means to alter. Change is good since it is an opportunity to move forward and prestige in life. It also allows people to change their status quo. But in order to change you must risk. In three sources that show change were E. B. White’s â€Å"Progress and Change†, Fred Strebeigh’s â€Å"The Wheels of Freedom†, and Gloria Steinem’s â€Å"The Good News Is: These are Not the Best Years of Your Life. † In E. B. White â€Å"Progress and Change† White explains why change is needed to solve issues.He also said that if there is too much change it lose meaning to what you are trying to improve on. Additionally it is said that if you want change, risk is an ingredient to enhancements. On page 563 White stated this â€Å"People who favor progr ess and improvements are apt to be people who have had a tough enough time without any extra inconvenience. † This supports my opinion of change being good because this quote shows that if people want a better life one must change to grow.In Strebeigh’s â€Å"The Wheels of Freedom: Bicycles in China† Strebeigh describes how men and women tried to stop tanks by throwing their bikes against the tanks to prevent the tanks from crushing their dignity, humanity, and freedom. On page 339 Strebeigh said â€Å"citizens trying to stop tanks by shoving bicycles at them, flatbeds tricycles turned into ambulances for slaughtered children. † In this reading change is taking place, as I said above risk is always a factor to make change happen.All those citizens risked their left cycling to freedom as they fight against the tanks in China. In Gloria Steinem’s â€Å"The Good News Is: These are Not the Best Years of Your Life. † Steinem states how women are l ooked down upon and unequally treated because of their gender. Therefore women have worked together to gain some influence. On Page 358 Steinem said â€Å"just as a young women’s most radical act toward her mother. † This quote is stating that daughters and mothers are connecting as one to achieve power.This is adequate example of my reason why change is good because everyone should be treated equally so when women work together it helps them gain more influence in society and a voice. Change is like water. Water has many stages to purify it to drink, so because of that water changes in many phases. Chemicals are added to water so that bacteria’s are pulled to it, then put through filters, and disinfected with chlorine. So if there are no changes you get sick or die from drinking unpurified water. This shows that change is good because it is only for the better and improvements to what we had before.

Read each article, and answer the questions in your own words Essay - 1

Read each article, and answer the questions in your own words - Essay Example It allowed the people to devour the freedoms offered to the society and live a respectable life. It provided the people with immense opportunities in the businesses, trades, and private employment. It also allowed the person to be recognized with dignity and honor in the society. On the other hand, the racial minority was put in chains with strict limitations to the freedoms: be it freedom of speech or freedom of expression. They were de-humiliated in the society and left with least honor. Their opportunities in the private sector as well as public firms were extremely limited. Therefore, the people chose to indulge in racial passing. 2. Are there any incentives for any racial minorities to â€Å"pass† as white in America today? Yes. Racial discrimination and segregation, though declining each year, is still persistent in the United States. There are people who make policies that are associated with the segregation of the black societies from the main-lands. At the same time, black people still have a hard time finding a decent job in the society. The insurance companies as well as the banks have standard policies that consistently segregate and differentiate between the races. The non-whites get fewer and smaller loans as compared to pure whites. Simultaneously, their insurance cover tends to be pretty low.

MY LIGHT AND SHADOWS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MY LIGHT AND SHADOWS - Essay Example t business ethics are guided by law while others are just basic framework through which a firm may choose to follow as a strategy to gain public acceptance. It therefore means that business ethics are implemented by companies in order to a certain level of trust or acceptance between clients and different market stakeholders. A number of biblical scholars have tried to summarize what the Bible has to say about business ethics and so does scholars in business word (Schneider et al. 2003) . A good example is Frederic Phillips, former president of Philips Electronics and Jerry White, a biblical scholar (Richard, 2010). The two individuals provide Caux round table and biblical review of business ethics respectively. Caux Round Table and White’s Biblical principles share a number of similarities in their bid to explain business ethics. The two versions of business ethics for instance believe that the world business community should be actively involved in improving economic and social conditions that can ensure world peace and stability. Caux Round Table affirms this by arguing that business behaviors or practices the relationship among nations and the prosperity and well-being of us all. In its first principle, Caux Round table concludes that business has a role to play in improving the lives of their employees, customers and shareholders through the wealth they create. In explaining the principle of the economic and social impact of business Caux Round table stipulates that business should contribute to economic and social development not only countries in which they are established but also the community as a whole (Spohn 2009). White’s Biblical principles share on the other hand through the third guideline, being a servant, explains how business impact live of not only their customers but also the community at large. The guidelines also advocate for reasonable profits as any other high charges are likely to exploit the public. Both the two approaches to

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Consultancy ( team project Essay

Logistics and Supply Chain Management Consultancy ( team project individual reflection) - Essay Example 4). Each of its parts; from description to the action plan is carefully designed to cover virtually every element of a project reflection. Each and every step of the Gibb’s cycle will be closely followed with respect to the details of the teamwork during the project. Per say this consultancy project was not only vital for my personal growth, but also for my programme; I learnt a plethora of lessons, and the experience was nothing short of exhilarating. The project concerned the Port of Dover, a logistics sector owned, maintained and operated by the Dover Harbour Board. This port ranks among the busiest ports in Europe and handles approximately five million excess of vehicles each year. In context, my team comprised of eight members with a single leader (Willeke). Our project, as in the title above, was logistics and supply chain management consultancy. Each day, the team converged in the University Library, or sometimes in the Information Technology Lab. Procedurally, we began by each member of the group tabling their individual report works mostly during the morning hours. Then, a discussion of the progress for each member of the team ensued. Here, each member would present their hardships and everything appertaining to their progress with resp ect to the task allocated. After the discussion, Willeke, the team leader, would give her opinions regarding the overall progress and give her suggestions as well. Concerning task division, the leader began by giving out questionnaires to every member of the team to complete. This step solely applied the Belbin theory of team roles, which in some way, was meant to harmonise the working of the group (Belbin, 2009 p. 3). After that, Microsoft Excel sheets were given to every one of us that would be used for the period of two and a half weeks. Notably yet, all the tasks that would be allocated to the team were based on the two provided files. As one of the members of the team, my primary task was to

Merger and acquisition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Merger and acquisition - Essay Example Mergers may result into a stronger company with combined assets, competencies or into a dilution of financial strengths of one of the companies. Some of the examples of mergers that made deadlines include the one between British Salt and TATA Chemicals. This article focusses on the Disney and Pixar merger that saw Disney acquiring shares worth $ 7.4 billion in Pixar. This merger was more than a necessity for Disney especially because of Pixar’s creative force. According to Barnes (2008), Pixar was founded as the Graphics Group in 1975 with initial intention of making the first completely digital movie. Pixar started as a high end computer hardware company and one of their customers were Disney Studios who bought their Pixar Image Computer that never sold well. Due to poor sales, Pixar began animations and in 1990, the company’s hardware division was sold by Steve Jobs although Pixar still maintained her relationship with Walt Disney Feature Animation (Baid, 2012). Pixer then made a $26 million deal with Disney to produce some animated feature films that included Toy Story that went on to gross more than $350 million worldwide in 1995 and later became a major controversy between the two companies. Pixar became Hollywood’s first fully computer-generated feature film which made it become a household name overnight. All along, there was a close business relationship between Pixer and Disney that saw Disney’s acquisition o f Pixer on May 5, 2006 (Baid, 2012). Barnes (2008) explains that Disney has been preeminent in the field of family entertainment that began as a cartoon studio in the 1920s to the current global corporation. The company still provides quality entertainment for many families across the world Disney began with Alice comedies where he created a character named Oswald the Lucky Rabbit before another character known as Mickey Mouse. Disney began animated feature film in 1934 with the story of

Historical Research Method Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Historical Method - Research Paper Example This step involves spotting, locating, and collecting data pertaining to the topic of research. The information sources are usually contained in documents such as records, newspapers, relics, photographs, and interviews with people who have experienced or have knowledge of the research subject. Such interviews are called oral histories. †¢Ã‚  Evaluation of materialsEach data source must be evaluated for accuracy and authenticity since they can be affected by various factors like economic conditions, prejudice, and political climate. Sources must pass either an external criticism; the process of determining the trustworthiness, authenticity, or validity, or internal criticism; the process of determining the accuracy or reliability of the information collected. Firsthand information by event witnesses, for example are classically assumed to be more accurate and reliable. †¢Ã‚  Data synthesis and preparing a reportSynthesis is the selecting, structuring, and analyzing the mate rials gathered into central concepts and topical themes. Thesis themes are then joined to form a meaningful and contiguous whole. A literature review of where and how historical materials research method is used in the academic "business" literatureThis will give a description of the relevant literature in business. Historical research method can be used in market research to enable organizations stay fine tuned in business. It can help organizations to penetrate the wants and needs of customers and the techniques.

Devil's Tower National Monument Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Devil's Tower National Monument - Research Paper Example The Devil’s Tower National Monument is comprised of red rocks. The red colored stones are known as dark red sandstone and maroon siltstone. A thin layer of white gypsum is seen above the red spearfish rocks. Yellow sandstones as a result of Sundance formation, which are very delicate, can be seen on the vertical cliffs which surround the tower. A river runs under the feature. This landmark is made up of polygonal columns, which make up its striking features. The bigger columns narrow from the base 6-8 feet in diameter to about 4 feet at the pinnacle (Britton & Tamara, 4). This feature is located at Crook County, in north eastern Wyoming. It is situated in The United States of America. This attraction feature is a laccolith or ingenious intrusion in the black hills next to Hulett and Sundance. It is above the river known as Belle Fourche (Ludmer, 38). The Devil’s Tower has a fabulous significance to the plains tribes, which are more than twenty in native tribes. These tribes viewed this feature as a sacred zone (Britton & Tamara, 4). They used this section for sacred activities, including worship, rituals, and sacrifices. These native tribes have a sacred legend concerning the origin of this landmark. These native tribes have special names for this monument they include; bear’s tipi, bear’s lodge, bear’s house, bears peak, and bear’s lair among many more names.The most basic maps concerned with this area named this monument â€Å"bear lodge†. They named it after the terms the natives of the region were using. In 1875, Colonel Dodge guided a survey group to the black hills. The surveyors misunderstood the description given by the natives concerning this area. They translated it as â€Å"Bad God’s Tower†. Dodge reported this expedition area as the Devil’s Tower; this na me has stuck ever since (Gunderson, 66). Origin of the Tower The origin of this landmark has been a debatable issue among geologists from time immemorial since its discovery. Geologists believe that this tower was formed by intrinsic intrusion activities. They believe that this attraction was formed by the forced entry of magma amid various rocks. The debatable issue is how the formation process happened and if the magma reached the surface of the earth region. Geologists have estimated the age of this amazing monument to be more than 50 million years. The work of erosion led to the visibility of this Tower. Before the action of erosion, this monument could not be seen above the sedimentary rocks covering it (Monroe, James, and Reed, 102). Erosion action, mostly water resulted into wearing off of the fine grained sandstones and gray- green shales on top of and in the region of the geologic feature. The tough igneous rock layers of this landmark resisted the action of erosion, result ing into gray columns above the surrounding scenery. Rain and snow continually erode the sedimentary rocks around the base of the monument. The debris is then carried by the Belle Fourche River to other locations. This eroding activity results into further exposition of the Devil’s Tower National Monument

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Literature review - Essay Example This is where ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) comes into the picture. ERP in the form of software applications will integrate all the departments and thereby will integrate the internal and the external management information across the organization. By integrating the information and then making it available to the needed departments, ERP will optimize the various organizational processes. With ERP producing optimal benefits, it is being implemented in organizations in various sectors. However, the implementation process will not be a smooth flowing affair, as various risk factors could impede it. When ERP is implemented, apt change management practice has to be initiated. However, various risk factors could arise during this change management process, thus turning out be a major impediment for ERP implementation. In addition, when the employees are trained and equipped to handle ERP, another set of risk factors will arise. Then, there could risk factors related to the software c ustomization according to the organizational processes. ... Singla and Goyal (2006) adds to this perspective by stating, how ERP can upgrade an organization’s ability to generate timely, relevant and accurate information needed for the various organizational processes throughout the enterprise and its supply chain. ERP made its appearance in the 1990’s, when Information Technology (IT) and its applications made its presence in various spheres of human life, particularly in business organizations. It was also during that period, many firms around the world started shifting their IT strategy from â€Å"developing information systems in-house to purchasing application software such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.† (Hong and Kim 2002). Sumner (2000) adds additional perspective by stating how organizations are initiating various projects by using ERP packages like SAP, Peoplesoft and Oracle, and how these projects often represent the single largest investment in an information systems (IS) project in the histori es of these companies. (Sumner 2000). Organizations are making such large investments in ERP because of the benefits that will be returned by it. Singla and Goyal (2006) lists out various benefits of ERP, which include shortening of the production cycles, accuracy accentuation regarding the demand for materials management, etc. While Singla and Goyal (2006) provided benefits of ERP’s implementation in the manufacturing side, Iskanius (2009) gives a list of benefits across various departments, which includes â€Å"cost reduction, productivity and quality improvement, customer service improvement, better resource management, improved decision-making and planning, and organizational empowerment†. Because

The work of one religious agency working for world development Essay Example for Free

The work of one religious agency working for world development Essay Christian Aid was established in 1945 when the Second World War was drawing to an end. A coalition of British and Irish Churches formed Christian Aid with an aim to aid as many people as possible who had been affected by the war. In 1948 the organisation decided it was in order to raise money for third world countries. Christian Aid has since expanded over sixty countries worldwide. Christian Aid recieves a majority of its revenue from the Governments of Ireland, Britian and The European Union (The EU) and also from the help of supporters and donators. 28% is recieved from fundraising and 34% is from Government grants. Christian Aid also holds many charity events such as sponsored walks and book sales. Its income comes up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½40 million per year through donations from members, supporters and the general public. Since the expansion in and over 60 countries, Christian Aid has managed to help different countries in many situations. An example would be when Christian Aid joined forces with The Madras Christian Council for Social Service (MCCSS) in India to help the people living there. Many residents had no jobs or practical skills to offer which meant they were not very rich and lived in poor conditions. The MCCSS have taken on life projects to provide countries like this with proper housing, healthcare, sanitation and education. Christian Aid also helps other countries such as; Cambadia, Ethiopia, India, Sudan and Uganda. In these battles Christian Aid helps with hunger and poverty. Christian Aid is not a group of Christians helping other countries. It is an organisation, started by the Churches, in which Christians and Non-Christians work together to help all in great need, whatever their religion, politics, colour or country. Christian Aid is religious because Christians concerned about the worlds poorest countries, founded it. Even though the founders of Christian Aid were Christians, all may join in its work, whatever their race or faith. The Christian faith provide a base for Christian Aid because Christians believe that God loves the world and everything in it. They believe God became a human in Jesus so that people could meet God in every human. Many Christians follow the example of Jesus. He cared for those whom never cared for him; he was a friend to those despised by others. An example of Christian Aid work would be campaigning. Christian Aid has argued that poverty is caused and often made worse, by the more developed countries such as Britain. An example of this would be that in past decades Western Governments and banks lent billions of pounds to developing countries who now, cannot repay the debts. Christian Aid argue that the interest that the poorer countries are having to pay on top of their debts, is draining the wealth out of these developing countries. So Christian Aid and many other agencies campaign to cancel these debts so that the poorer countries can concentrate on developing their countries without worrying about their on-growing debts. Overall, Christian Aid was founded to express the concerns of Christians towards those whom were facing hardship, hunger and war. Christian Aid has certainly fulfilled its initial cause and has moved on to aiding many more.

Relationship Between Ethics And The Law In Business Philosophy Essay

Relationship Between Ethics And The Law In Business Philosophy Essay Whatever the power and influence of the lawyers prior to the clients arrival at court, it becomes overwhelming once the parties are on court premises. The powerlessness of clients in the hands of their professional retainers becomes acute. The lawyers control the proceedings because it is they who possess the requisite specialist knowledge. Clients, as employers, have to accept responsibility for the actions of their employees, but their instructions are based on their employees own advice. They are caught in the lawyers web of power. This web is constructed from the triadic interaction of knowledge, culture and discourse. The detailed knowledge of the law, which of course is what people engage lawyers for, is also what sets lawyers apart from other people in the legal setting; and it is the legal setting which allows the lawyer to create an aura of superiority vis-Ã  -vis the legal lay person. It is not just that lawyers possess a certain know-how, but that they are also privy to the values, concepts and understandings which inform that bank of knowledge (DuPlessis, et al. 2011). The statutes of law do not operate in a vacuum or in a neutral environment, but are the products of, and in their turn help to reproduce, a specific legal context. People who are not versed in this legal context and are therefore not privy to the legal culture encapsulated within it, are doubly disadvantaged in the legal setting. They are alienated from the basic facts of law and from the world-view which provides the background to those legal facts. Thus clients, even when they have been told the legal position in regard to their own case, may find it extremely difficult to see the logic or justice which their lawyers assure them is there. Equally, lawyers may feel frustrated at the apparent inability or unwillingness of their clients to accept what they regard as the even-handedness of the law. Different types of organization present different problems and possibilities for equality activists. In business companies they are up against the often inflexible aims of profit, productivi ty, and capital accumulation. In the public sector the balance of service versus cost efficiency can (within governmental constraints) be modified by goals imposed by parties with political control. A trade union is different again. It is a membership organization, usually with a constitution reflecting democratic principles and a perceived obligation to represent its members-in internal transaction of its affairs, in external campaigns and in collective bargaining with the employer. A union is also an employer, of paid organizers and administrators, office workers and other employees. When a trade union takes on sex equality it can and must rethink activity in all these spheres. How should we consider the burden of further speech if we recognize that the legal rule might come as a surprise? As an empirical proposition, one might hazard the guess that building contractors and owners are more likely to be equal in their knowledge of the law than are sellers and buyers of goods. In each case, the suppliers are likely to have some knowledge of the law governing their transactions because that is their business. On the other side of the deal, buildings are usually expensive, and thus justify a substantial investment in the costs of the transaction; moreover, owners are customarily aided, in dealing with contractors, by architects, whose business this also is, and whose trade association supports them with legal information and form documents. By contrast, buyers of goods are often consumers making purchases small in comparison to buildings, and unaided by professionals. In allocating the burden of a rule which is defeasible by contract, there is much to be said f or placing the burden of the rule on the party more likely to find out about it, and therefore more likely to make it a matter of express contractknown to both sidesif the rule is ill-suited to the particular case. While there may be no class of parties systematically more knowledgeable in construction cases, in sale-of-goods cases, sellers may well be. Perfect tender is, as already discussed, the seller-burdening doctrine. Important to an understanding of lawyers and their corporate clients is knowing what attorneys did for corporations. An attorneys representation of a corporate client or employment as house counsel set out a relationship, but function portrays the lawyers role in a clearer brush stroke. Lawyers created new business structures and developed new patterns of commerce. The advice of counsel went far beyond litigation to the essence of business by the close of the century. In the corporate world, lawyers performed many functions. Attorneys were creators of relationships, drafting corporate articles, contracts, and various other legal devices of business. They were facilitators of enterprise, buying and selling land as agents, negotiating contracts, and mediating differences of perspective. Some lawyers, like Jackson A. Graves, were bankers lawyers who became bankers. They smoothed the financial transactions that greased the wheels of industry. The law was in books but lawyers on the stree t put the dynamics of law into action. An important benefit to clients was that lawyers were problem solvers. They sorted out the clutter of enterprise when needed. John D. Bicknell put it well in a letter to E. L. Mayberry of Hemet in 1896: The affairs of the Bear Valley Company are in such an interminable complication and confusion that no attorney can safely undertake to advise without a thorough examination of the whole history of the transactions of this corporation. Solving problems sometimes involved an attorneys immersion in the business of a corporation to bring business and legal sense to the clients transactions. When an attorney had an ongoing relationship with a company, knowledge of the business made providing legal and business advice easier. Lawyers also sorted out understandings, intent, and meaning in transactions for corporations. Henry W. OMelvenys journal entry for Saturday, February 4, 1899, recorded one such session among lawyers. Knowledge of the law is an es sential business asset. Informed owners and managers can protect their businesses by ensuring compliance with legal requirements. They can capitalize on the planning function of law to ensure the future of their business by entering into contracts (DuPlessis, et al. 2011). What is the relationship between ethics and the law in business? What is ethics? How does it compare to economics, the social science wherein commerce is studied? What scope does ethics have and what are its various subdivisions? What are some prominent systems and theories of ethics? What should ethics be understood to involve for ordinary citizens not specializing in moral philosophy; i.e., what is the common sense of ethics? What problems may face us in the relationship between ethics and law, and between ethics and public policy? According to DuPlessis, et al. business ethics are moral principles and values that seek to determine right and wrong in the business world (2011). A final point should be noted about ethics in general. However much one carefully reads articles or listens to lectures about ethics, morality, standards of right conduct, ultimately the matter is in the individuals own hand, unless he or she is a prisoner or slave or is severely incapacitated. The crucial feature of ethics is, after all, personal responsibility to do well at living a human life. That is not something that can be implanted or programmed into people, but must be a matter of the individuals own choice and will. Whether a person is indeed making the choice to act rightly and what this means is just what ethics and its various branches, including business ethics, ultimately attempt to clarify. Ethics deals with the question of how persons should conduct themselves. Managerial ethics, then, is concerned with the question of how a manager (or an entrepreneur as manager) should conduct him or herself so that the organizational goals and objectives are achieved in a manner consistent with the principles of conduct that ethics dictates. There are two areas to which ethical principles can be applied to managerial conduct: first, to the objectives or goals chosen for the organization, and second, to the strategies, tactics, and policies employed for the attainment of these objectives or goals. Therefore, managerial ethics can be divided into two parts; management goals, and management strategies, tactics, and policies. Business Goals Within a free market society, it is generally thought that the primary goal of a business organization is the attainment of profit. Though businesses often consider other objectives (service to customers, employee needs and wellbeing, assistance to the needy) it cannot be denied that the attainment of profit is the overall and guiding objective of the business organization (DuPlessis, et al. 2011). Thus, the first question that managerial ethics should consider is whether or not it is ethically proper to make the attainment of profit the objective of a business firm. This is a most important question today, for it is sometimes said that the pursuit of profit ought not be the primary and dominant goal of a business firm but rather must be balanced by concern for customers, employees, or society. In order to see what the standards for proper managerial conduct might be, we need to understand what is meant by free market society. Management Goals Within a free market society, it is generally thought that the primary goal of a business organization is the attainment of profit. Though businesses often consider other objectives (service to customers, employee needs and wellbeing, assistance to the needy) it cannot be denied that the attainment of profit is the overall and guiding objective of the business organization. Thus, the first question that managerial ethics should consider is whether or not it is ethically proper to make the attainment of profit the objective of a business firm. This is a most important question today, for it is sometimes said that the pursuit of profit ought not be the primary and dominant goal of a business firm but rather must be balanced by concern for customers, employees, or society. In order to see what the standards for proper managerial conduct might be, we need to understand what is meant by free market society and profit, and what ethics has to say about such a society and goal (DuPlessis, et al. 2011). The Free Market Society and Profit The terms free market society are not solely descriptive. They signify a set of economic and social arrangements that presupposes a certain ethical perspective. For example, Murder Incorporated would not be regarded as a business firm in such a society but would instead be viewed as criminal that ought not and must not be allowed to operate. Similarly, the term profit does not mean merely a return on an economic exchange that is over costs; it also involves a certain type of exchange; namely, a free or voluntary exchange. In order to understand the ethical perspective from which the terms free market society and profit derive their particular meaning, we should consider the notion of individual rights. Business ethics-while sometimes but not always coextensive with legal requirements are also increasingly important to running a successful business (DuPlessis, et al. 2011). A free market society is a society based on the recognition of individual rights. Individual rights are the means of subordinating society to moral law. They determine what matters of morality; what ought to be, are to be matters of law; what must be. The view of rights that a free market society is based on is one that holds that every person has the right to life and its corollaries: liberty and property. These rights are rights to actions -that is, the right to take all the actions necessary for the support and furtherance of ones life, and the right to the action of producing or earning something and keeping, using, and disposing of it according to ones goals. To have a right in this sense morally obligates others to abstain from physical compulsion, coercion, or interference. Such actions may only be taken in self-defense and only against those who initiate physical compulsion, coercion, or interference. The right to life also morally sanctions the and profit, and what ethics h as to say about such a society and goal. freedom to act by means of ones voluntary, uncoerced choice for ones own goals. Thus, the activities of producing and exchanging goods and services in a free market society are both protected and governed by this conception of individual rights. Ethics, the Free Market Society, and the Pursuit of Profit Within the legal framework of a free market society, is the managerial decision to make the attainment of profit the overall and guiding objective of the business firm ethically justifiable? Are the principles in terms of which the legal framework of a free market society developed (that is, the foregoing account of individual rights) ethically justifiable? The answers to these questions cannot be discovered by managerial or business ethics alone. These questions require the more fundamental disciplines of ethics and political philosophy. The standard for proper managerial conduct cannot be derived independently of those ethical principles that determine how human beings ought to live their lives and those political principles that determine the ethical principles by which human beings must live their lives, that is, be a matter of law. The standard for proper managerial conduct must be in accord with what the principles of ethics and political philosophy advise; it cannot contradict the overall frame of reference that the more basic disciplines of ethics and political philosophy provide.